A-Z
Identification papers from British journals, mainly Birding Scotland, Birding World, British Birds & Scottish Birds.
Further reading is to be had in Nils van Duivendijk (2010) Advanced Bird ID Guide: The Western Palearctic.
Ahmed, R. 2023. Adult 'American Black Tern' summering in Northumberland. British Birds 116: 143-156.
Alström, P. 1988. Identification of Blyth's Pipit. Birding World 1 (8): 269-271.
Alström, P. 1989. Identification of marsh terns in juvenile and winter plumages. British Birds 82: 296-319.
Alström, P. 1991. Identification of Double-crested Cormorant. Birding World 4 (1): 9-16.
Alström, P. 1995. Identification of Siberian, Black-throated, Radde's, Arabian and Brown Accentors. Birding World 8 (3): 108-112.
Alström, P. & Colston, P. R. 1991. Identification of Brown Shrike and Isabelline Shrike. Birding World 4 (6): 208-212.
Alström, P. & Hirschfeld, E. 1991. Field identification of Brown, Siberian and Grey-streaked Flycatchers. Birding World 4 (8): 271-278.
Alström, P. & Mild, K. 1989. Identification of Pechora Pipit. Birding World 2 (8): 277-282.
Alström, P. & Olsson, U. 1989. The identification of juvenile Red-necked and Long-toed Stints. British Birds 82: 360-372.
Alström, P. & Olsson, U. 1994. Identification of Pallas's Reed Bunting. Birding World 7 (1): 15-20.
Alström, P., Mild, K. & Zetterström, B. 1991. Identification of Lesser Short-toed Lark. Birding World 4 (12): 422-427.
Andrews, I. J. & MacIver, N. 2023. Black-throated Thrush, Haddington, 9-15 December 2022 - second record for Lothian. Scottish Birds 43: 186-189.
Appleby, R. H., Madge, S. C. & Mullarney, K. 1986. Identification of divers in immature and winter plumage’s. British Birds 79: 365-391.
Astins, D. J. 1992. Identification of Black Scoter. Birding World 5 (2): 58-59.
Baker, K. 1988. Identification of Siberian and other forms of Lesser Whitethroat. British Birds 81: 382-390.
Bakker, T., Offereins, R. & Winters, R. 2000. Caspian Gull identification gallery. Birding World 13 (2): 60-74.
Baxter, P. A. A. 2001. Racial identification of the Olivaceous Warbler at Collieston. Birding Scotland 4 (1): 13-14.
Baxter, P. A. A. 2008. Identification of Black Duck, with emphasis on hybrid plumages. Birding World 21 (4): 170-176.
Baxter, P. A. A. 2010. 'Channel' and Sykes's Wagtails in Scotland: a review of identification criteria and status. Scottish Birds 30: 266-272.
Baxter, P. A. A. & Gibbins, C. 2007. Identification of Kumlien's and American Herring Gull and other large gulls at St John's, Newfoundland. Birding World 20 (4): 162-175.
Baxter, P. A. A. & Shaw, D. 2007. Identification of a female Black-headed Bunting on Fair Isle. Birding World 20 (7): 299-302.
Bearhop. S., Furness, R. & Zonfrillo, B. 1998. Identification of Catharacta skuas: variability in juvenile Great Skuas. Birding World 11 (9): 355-359.
Birch, A. & Lee, C-T. 1995. Identification of Pacific Diver - a potential vagrant to Europe. Birding World 8 (12): 458-466.
Birch, A., Lee, C-T & Small, B. J. 2024. Field identification of 'American Pipit' and 'Siberian Pipit' in autumn and winter. British Birds 117: 231-258.
Blomdahl, A., B. Breife, B. & Holmström, N. 2002. Flight identification of Common Eider, King Eider and Steller’s Eider. British Birds 95: 233-239.
Bowey, K. & Westerberg, S. S. 1987. Identification of Parrot Crossbill. British Birds 87: 398-401.
Bradshaw, C. 1991. Identification of Little and Rustic Buntings. Birding World 4 (9): 309-313.
Bradshaw, C. 1992. The identification of vireos in Britain and Europe. Birding World 5 (8): 308-311.
Bradshaw, C. 1992. Field identification of Black-faced Bunting. British Birds 85: 653-665.
Bradshaw, C. 1993. Separating juvenile Little and Baillon's Crakes in the field. British Birds 86: 303-311.
Bradshaw, C. 1994. Blyth's Pipit identification. British Birds 87: 136-142.
Bradshaw, C. 1997. From the Rarities Committee's files: Identification of pale Paddyfield Warblers. British Birds 90: 142-147.
Bradshaw, C. 2000. From the Rarities Committee's files: Identification of autumn Isabelline Wheatears. British Birds 93: 488-492.
Bradshaw, C. 2005. Identification review – Lesser Scaup. British Birds 98: 89-95.
Bradshaw, C. & Gray, M. 1993. Identification of female Pine Buntings. British Birds 86: 378-386.
Bradshaw, C., Jepson, P. J. & Lindsey, N. J. 1991. Identification of brown flycatchers. British Birds 84: 527-542.
Britton, D. J. 1979. Identification of Bonaparte's Gull. British Birds 72: 339-340.
Britton, D. J. 1980. Identification of Sharp-tailed Sandpiper. British Birds 73: 333-334.
Brown, D. 2010. Identification and taxonomy of bean geese. Birding World 23 (3): 110-121.
Brown, D. 2010. Wood Duck and Mandarin Duck: identification of females. Birding World 23 (4): 154-155.
Burges, D. 2012. Identification of a Parrot Crossbill in West Sussex. Birding World 25 (2): 60-64.
Campbell, O. 2010. Juvenile Little Stint and Red-necked Stint: an identification refresher. Birding World 23 (8): 351-354.
Carey, G. & Olsson, U. 1995. Field identification of Common, Wilson's, Pintail and Swinhoe's Snipes. Birding World 8 (5): 179-190.
Chandler, R. J. 1998. Dowitcher identification and ageing A photographic review. British Birds 91: 93-106.
Chantler, P. 1990. Identification of Pallid Swift. Birding World 3 (5): 169-170.
Chapman, M. S. 1979. Identification of Booted Warbler. British Birds 72: 437-438.
Christie, D. A., Shirihai, H. & Harris, A. 1996. Field identification of Little and Baillon’s Crakes. British Birds 89: 54-59.
Clark, W. S. 1997. Identification of perched Montagu's and Pallid Harriers. Birding World 10 (7): 267-269.
Clement, P. 1987. Field identification of West Palearctic wheatears. British Birds 80: 135-157, 187-238, 670.
Clement, P. & Helbig, A. J. 1998. Taxonomy and identification of chiffchaffs in the Western Palearctic. British Birds 91: 361-376.
Collinson, J. M., McGowan, R. Y. & Irestedt, M. 2014. First British records of ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’ Subalpine Warblers. British Birds 107: 282-285.
Collinson, J. M. & Melling, T. 2008. Identification of vagrant Iberian Chiffchaffs - pointers, pitfalls and problem birds. British Birds 101: 174-188.
Collinson, J. M., Murcia, A., Ladeira, G., Dewars, K., Roberts, F. & Shannon, T. 2018. Siberian and Scandinavian Common Chiffchaffs in Britain and Ireland - a genetic study. British Birds 111: 384-394.
Collinson, J. M., Senfeld, T., Shannon, T. J. & Waite, S. 2022. Molecular birding: the New 'New Approach' to Identification. British Birds 115: 703-714.
Collinson, J. M., Shannon, T. J. & Senfeld, T. 2024. Vagrant 'Subalpine Warblers' in northwest Europe. British Birds 117: 184-194.
Cooper, D. & Kay, B. 2009. Field identification of a Pintail Snipe. Birding World 22 (9): 392-394.
Cooper, D. & Kay, B. 2010. Identification of a first-winter Red-headed Bunting. Birding World 23 (2): 83-85.
Corso, A. 2000. Identification of European Lanner. Birding World 13 (5): 200-213.
Corso, A. 2009. Identification of some autumn raptors in Egypt. Birding World 22 (7): 300-308.
Corso, A. & Clark, W. S. 1998. Identification of Amur Falcon. Birding World 11 (7): 261-268.
Corso, A., Biasioli, M., Gagliardone, M. & Esteban, J. 2010. Identification of the first Pintail Snipe for Egypt. Birding World 23 (8): 344-350.
Corso, A., Jansen, J. & Kokay, S. 2014. A review of the identification criteria and variability of the Slender-billed Curlew. British Birds 107: 339-370.
Curson, J. 1994. Status and identification of Hooded, Wilson's and Canada Warblers. Birding World 7 (3): 105-108.
Curson, J. 1994. Identification forum: separation of Bicknell's and Grey-cheeked Thrushes. Birding World 7 (9): 359-365.
Dean, A. R. 1985. Review of British status and identification of Greenish Warbler. British Birds 78: 437-451.
Dennis, R. H. & Wallace, D. I. M. 1975. Field identification of Short-toed and Lesser Short-toed Larks. British Birds 68: 238-241.
Doherty, P. 1991. Identification of juvenile Long-toed Stint and Least Sandpiper. Birding World 4 (8): 279-281.
Dubois, P. J. 1991. Identification forum: Royal, Lesser Crested and Elegant Terns. Birding World 4 (4): 120-123.
Dubois, P. J. 1997. Identification of North American Herring Gull. British Birds 90: 314-324.
Dubois, P. J. 2001. Atlantic Islands Yellow-legged Gulls: an identification gallery. Birding World 14 (7): 293-304.
Dubois, P. J. 2001. Head pattern of Black-headed Wagtail. Birding World 14 (9): 388.
Dubois, P. J. 2007. Yellow, Blue-headed, 'Channel' and extra-limital Wagtails: from myth to reality. Birding World 20 (3): 104-112.
Dubois, P. J. & Yésou, P. 1984. Identification of juvenile yellow-legged Herring Gulls. British Birds 77: 344-348.
Dubois, P. J. & Yésou, P. 1995. Identification of Western Reef Egrets and dark Little Egrets. British Birds 88: 307-319.
Dupriez, Q. & Millington, R. G. 2010. Blyth's Pipit: an identification refresher. Birding World 23 (9): 399-405.
Eldridge, M. & Harrop, A. 1992. Identification and status of Baikal Teal. Birding World 5 (10): 417-423.
Enticott, J. W. 1991. Identification of Soft-plumaged Petrel. British Birds 84: 245-264.
Esteban, M. R. 2020. Separation of 'Grey-headed' and 'Black-headed Wagtail': a dark-headed thunbergi in Cabrera, Balearic Islands. British Birds 113: 296-298.
Etherington, G. & Small, B. J. 2003. Taxonomy and identification of Atlas Flycatcher - a potential British vagrant. Birding World 16 (6): 252-256.
Fairbank, R. 1994. Black-headed Bunting identification. Birding World 7 (8): 319.
Fisher, I. & Ahmed, R. 2009. Identification of Citrine and Yellow Wagtails - a possible identification pitfall. British Birds 102: 34-35.
Fisher, I. & Proctor, R. 1999. Identification and Status of Ferruginous Duck in Scotland. Birding Scotland 2 (4): 151-156.
Flood, R. L. & Danzenbaker, M. 2009. Identification of Trinidade Petrel and its status in the North Atlantic. Birding World 22 (4): 162-166.
Flood, R. L. & Fisher, A. 2011. Madeiran Petrel in the North Atlantic: an identification update. Birding World 24 (7): 287-299.
Flood, R. L. & Fisher, A. 2019. Identification of Short-tailed Shearwater in the North Atlantic Ocean. British Birds 112: 250-263.
Flood, R. L. & Gutiérrez, R. 2024. Unprecedented influx of Scopoli's Shearwaters into Scillonian waters in autumn 2023 and a review of identification criteria. British Birds 117: 498-513.
Flood, R. L. & Thomas, B. 2007. Identification of 'black-and-white' storm-petrels of the North Atlantic. British Birds 100: 407-442.
Flumm, D. S. & Lord, N. A. G. 1978. Identification of a Paddyfield Warbler. British Birds 71: 95-101.
Forsman, D. 1993. Identification of large falcons: Gyr Falcon. Birding World 6 (2): 67-72.
Forsman, D. 2003. Identification of Black-eared Kite. Birding World 16 (4): 156-160.
Forsman, D. & Erterius, D. 2012. Pallid Harriers in northwest Europe and the identification of presumed Pallid Harrier x Hen Harrier hybrids. Birding World 25 (2): 68-75.
French, P. R. 2009. Identification of Dark-breasted Barn Owl in Britain. British Birds 102: 494-503.
Gantlett, S. J. M. 1987. Identification of large terns. British Birds 80: 257-276.
Gantlett, S. J. M. 1988. Identification of large terns. British Birds 81: 211.
Gantlett, S. J. M. 1995. Identification forum: field separation of Fea's, Zino's and Soft-plumaged Petrels. Birding World 8 (7): 256-260.
Gantlett, S. J. M. 1998. Identification of Great Blue Heron and Grey Heron. Birding World 11 (1): 12-20.
Gantlett, S. J. M. 2003. Photo-forum: identification of orange-billed terns. Birding World 16 (7): 285-304.
Gantlett, S. J. M. & Harrap, S. 1992. Identification forum: South Polar Skua. Birding World 5 (7): 256-270.
Gantlett, S. J. M. & Millington, R. G. 1992. Identification forum: large falcons. Birding World 5 (3): 101-106.
Garner, M. 1997. Identification of Yellow-legged Gulls in Britain. British Birds 90: 25-62.
Garner, M. 1999. Identification of Common Merganser. Birding World 12 (1): 31-33.
Garner, M. 1999. Identification of White-winged and Velvet Scoters - males, females and immatures. Birding World 12 (8): 319-324.
Garner, M. 2002. Identification and vagrancy of American Merlins in Europe. Birding World 15 (11): 468-480.
Garner, M. 2002. Identification extra: Lesser Scaup - the underwing. Birding World 15 (12): 506-508.
Garner, M. 2002. Identification of eastern Reed Buntings - with reference to an apparent Siberian Reed Bunting in Northern Ireland. Birding World 15 (2): 74-86.
Garner, M. 2006. Identification of Redhead and Canvasback - with emphasis on female and immature plumages. Birding Scotland 9 (1): 8-17.
Garner, M. & McGeehan, A. 1998. Identification of juvenile and first-winter Thayer's Gull. Birding World 11 (3): 94-101.
Garner, M. & Millington, R. G. 2010. The forms of Common Eider: their identification, taxonomy and vagrancy. Birding World 23 (2): 65-82.
Garner, M., Kolbeinsson, Y. & Mactavish, B. 2000. Identification of first-winter Kumlien's Gull and the 'Whitby Gull'. Birding World 13 (3): 116-119.
Garner, M., Lewington, I. & Slack, R. 2003. Mongolian and Lesser Sand Plovers: an identification overview. Birding World 16 (9): 377-385.
Garner, M., Quinn, D. & Glover, B. 1997. Identification of Yellow-legged Gulls in Britain. British Birds 90: 369-383.
Gibbins, C. & Adriaens, P. 2016. Field identification of Russian Common Gull and its occurrence in Scotland. Scottish Birds 36: 66-85.
Gibbins, C. N., Neubauer, G. & Small, B. J. 2011. From the Rarities Committee's files: Identification of Caspian Gull. British Birds 104: 702-742.
Gibbins, C. N., Small, B. J. & Sweeney, J. 2010. From the Rarities Committee's files: Identification of Caspian Gull. British Birds 103: 142-183.
Gil-Velasco, M. 2017. Primary spacing as a field identification criterion for Iberian Chiffchaff. British Birds 110: 480-483.
Golley, M. A. 1993. Identification of argentatus Herring Gull. Birding World 6 (1): 32-38.
Golley, M. A. 2009. American & Pacific Golden Plovers in Norfolk - and a brief review of the identification criteria. Birding World 22 (7): 283-286.
Golley, M. A. & Millington, R. G. 1996. Identification of Blyth's Reed Warbler in the field. Birding World 9 (9): 351-353.
Golley, M. A. & Stoddart, A. 1991. Identification of American and Pacific Golden Plovers. Birding World 4 (6): 195-204.
Gordon, G. K. 2001. Arctic versus Greenish Warbler: identification and assessment. Birding Scotland 4 (3): 123-125.
Grant, P. J. 1972. Field identification of Richard's and Tawny Pipits. British Birds 65: 287-290.
Grant, P. J. 1973. Field identification of Ring-billed Gull. British Birds 66: 115-118.
Grant, P. J. 1981. Identification of Semipalmated Sandpiper. British Birds 74: 505-509.
Grant, P. J. 1989. Citrine Wagtail identification. Birding World 2 (11): 393-395.
Grant, P. J. & Jonsson, L. 1984. Identification of stints and peeps. British Birds 77: 293-315.
Grant, P. J. & Jonsson, L. 1985. Identification of stints and peeps. British Birds 78: 690.
Gutiérrez, R. 2004. Identification of Yelkouan, Balearic and Manx Shearwaters. Birding World 17 (3): 111-122.
Hallam, N. J. & Lewington, I. 2009. Identification of American Black Tern. Birding World 22 (9): 383-388.
Hancock, J. A. 1984. Field identification of West Palearctic white herons and egrets. British Birds 77: 451-457.
Hancock, J. A. 1986. 'Racial identification of Cattle Egret.' British Birds 79: 507.
Harrap, S. 1988. Identification of Icterine and Melodious Warblers. Birding World 1 (8): 273-277.
Harrap, S. 1988. Identification of Olivaceous and Booted Warblers. Birding World 1 (9): 312-315.
Harrap, S. 1989. The difficulties of Reed, Marsh and Blyth's Reed Warbler identification. Birding World 2 (9): 318-324.
Harrap, S. 1990. Identification of Hippolais Warblers. Birding World 3 (8): 268-272.
Harrap, S. 1992. Identification of Short-toed Treecreeper. Birding World 5 (1): 10-16.
Harrap, S. 1993. Identification of Mugimaki, Narcissus and Yellow-rumped Flycatchers. Birding World 6 (10): 406-412.
Harrap, S. & Millington, R. G. 1991. Identification forum: Two-barred Crossbill. Birding World 4 (2): 55-59.
Harrison, P. 1983. Identification of white-rumped North Atlantic petrels. British Birds 76: 161-174.
Harrop, A. H. J. 1994. Field identification of American Wigeon. Birding World 7 (2): 50-56.
Harrop, A. H. J. 2000. Identification of Jackdaw forms in northwestern Europe. Birding World 13 (7): 290-295.
Harrop, A. H. J. 2004. The ‘soft-plumaged petrel’ complex: a review of the literature on taxonomy, identification and distribution. British Birds 97: 6-15.
Harrop, H. R. 1993. Identification of Sharp-tailed and Pectoral Sandpiper. Birding World 6 (6): 230-238.
Harrop, H. R. 1993. Identification of female and juvenile Yellow-breasted Bunting. Birding World 6 (8): 317-319.
Harvey, P. V. & Shaw, K. D. 1999. Dealing with difficult rarities - their identification and submission: Blyth's Reed Warbler. Birding Scotland 2 (1): 14-17.
Harvey, P. V. & Shaw, K. D. 1999. Dealing with difficult rarities - their identification and submission: Hudsonian Godwit. Birding Scotland 2 (2): 91-92.
Harvey, P. V. & Shaw, K. D. 1999. Dealing with difficult rarities - their identification and submission: Sooty Tern. Birding Scotland 2 (3): 126-128.
Harvey, W. G. & Porter, R. H. 1984. Field identification of Blyth's Reed Warbler. British Birds 77: 393-411.
Heard, C. D. R. 1989. Racial identification of wintering Chiffchaffs. Birding World 2 (2): 60-65.
Heard, C. D. R. & Walbridge, G. 1988. Field identification of Pechora Pipit. British Birds 81: 452-463.
Hellström, M. & Waern, M. 2011. Field identification and ageing of Siberian Stonechats in spring and summer. British Birds 104: 236-254.
Hellström, M. & Waern, M. 2023. Identification of extralimital Siberian and Amur Stonechats. British Birds 116: 41-53.
Higuchi, H., Yonekawa, H., Mori, S., Konno, A. and M. & Yamaguchi, N. 2023. Structure and possible functions of the tail 'needles' in the White-throated Needletail. British Birds 116: 168-172.
Hirschfeld, E., Roselaar, C. S. & Shirihai, H. 2000. Identification, taxonomy and distribution of Greater and Lesser Sand Plovers. British Birds 93: 162-189.
Hirschfield, E. 1990. White-cheeked Tern identification. Birding World 3 (7): 234-236.
Hirschfield, E. 1991. Further comments on the identification of sand plovers. Birding World 4 (11): 399.
Hirschfield, E. 1992. Identification of Rufous Turtle Dove. Birding World 5 (2): 52-57.
Hirst, P. & Proctor, R. 1995. Identification of Wandering and Grey-tailed Tattlers. Birding World 8 (3): 91-97.
Hockey, P. 1993. Identification forum: jizz identification of sand plovers. Birding World 6 (9): 369-372.
Hough, J. 1994. Identification and status of Black-faced Bunting. Birding World 7 (3): 98-101.
Hough, J. 2000. Identification of Cliff Swallow and Cave Swallow. Birding World 13 (9): 368-374.
Howell, S. & Patteson, B. 2007. Moult and Fea's Petrel identification. Birding World 20 (5): 201-202.
Howell, S. N. G. & Patteson, J. B. 2008. A Swinhoe's Petrel off North Carolina, USA and a review of dark storm-petrel identification. Birding World 21 (6): 255-262.
Hume, R. A. & Porter, R. F. 1981. Identification of a Whiskered Tern in first-winter plumage. British Birds 74: 43-45.
Hutchinson, C. D. 1980. Dowitcher identification. Irish Birds 1: 526-529.
Hyde, P., Sullivan, P. & Badley, J. 2010. Identification of the Oriental Pratincole in Lincolnshire. Birding World 23 (5): 209-214.
Illa, M, Collinson, J. M. & Shannon, T. 2019. Western Subalpine Warblers showing features of Eastern Subalpine Warbler. British Birds 112: 298-300.
Jaramillo, A. & Henshaw, B. 1995. Identification of breeding plumaged Long- and Short-billed Dowitchers. Birding World 8 (6): 221-228.
Jiguet, F. 1997. Identification of South Polar Skua: the Brown Skua pitfall. Birding World 10 (8): 306-310.
Jiguet, F. 2000. Identification and ageing of Black-browed Albatross at sea. British Birds 93: 263-276.
Jiguet, F. 2005. More on Saharan Olivaceous Warbler. Birding World 18 (6): 262-263.
Jiguet, F. 2007. Brown Skua in the North Atlantic. Birding World 20 (8): 327-333.
Jiguet, F., Chastel, O. & Barbraud, C. 1999. A hybrid South Polar Skua x Brown Skua. Birding World 12 (3): 118-122.
Johns, R. J. & Wallace, D. I. M. 1972. Field identification of Dusky and Radde's Warbler. British Birds 65: 497-501.
Johnson, O. W. & Johnson, P. M. 2004. Biometrics and field identification of Pacific and American Golden Plovers. British Birds 97: 434-443, 553.
Jonsson, L. 1998. Baltic Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus fuscus - moult, ageing and identification. Birding World 11 (8): 295-317.
Jonsson, L., Ullman, M., Olsen, K. M. & Christensen, S. 1984. Identification of juvenile skuas. British Birds 77: 443-450, 644.
Kehoe, C. 2006. Racial identification and assessment in Britain: a report from the RIACT sub-committee. British Birds 99: 619-645.
Kiat, Y. & Perlman, Y. 2016. Moult and ageing of Isabelline Shrikes. British Birds 109: 157-168.
Kiat, Y., van Swelm, N. D., Alkaabi, A., Senfeld, T. & Collinson, J. M. 2023. A new subspecies of Little Tern from the Levant and its distinction from 'European Little Tern' and Saunder's Tern. British Birds 116: 210-221.
King, J. 1996. Identification of nightingales. Birding World 9 (5): 179-189.
King, J. 2007. Identification of Glaucous-winged Gull: a photo-gallery. Birding World 20 (2): 64-72.
King, J. & Shirihai, H. 1996. Identification and ageing of Audouin's Gull. Birding World 9 (2): 52-61.
Kitson, A. R. 1978. Identification of Long-toed Stint, Pintail Snipe and Asiatic Dowitcher. British Birds 71: 558-562.
Kitson, A. R. 1979. Identification of Isabelline Wheatear, Desert Warbler and three Phylloscopus warblers. British Birds 72: 5-9.
Kitson, A. R. 1979. Identification of Olive-backed Pipit, Blyth's Pipit and Pallas's Reed Bunting. British Birds 72: 94-100.
Knox, A. G. 1990. Identification of Crossbill and Scottish Crossbill. British Birds 83: 89-94.
Knox, A. G. 1996. Grey-cheeked and Bicknell's Thrushes: taxonomy, identification and the British and Irish records. British Birds 89: 1-9.
Laird, W. & Gencz, A. 1993. Field identification of Long-billed Pipit in the West Palearctic. British Birds 86: 6-15.
Lansdown, P. G. 1990. Separation of American and Great Bitterns. British Birds 93: 132-134.
Lansdown, P. G., Riddiford, N. & Knox, A. G. 1991. Identification of Arctic Redpoll Carduelis hornemanni exilipes. British Birds 84: 41-56.
Larsson, H. 2018. The identification of juvenile Common and Pallid Swifts. British Birds 111: 310-322.
Leader, P. J. 1999. Identification forum: Common Snipe and Wilson's Snipe. Birding World 12 (9): 371-374.
Leader, P. J. 2000. Aleutian Tern. Birding World 13 (4): 147-150.
Leader, P. J. 2003. Identification of Daurian Jackdaw. British Birds 96: 520-523.
Leader, P. J. 2009. Ageing and sexing of Asian chats: Siberian Rubythroat, Siberian Blue Robin, Rufous-tailed Robin and Red-flanked Bluetail. British Birds 102: 482-493.
Leader, P. J. 2010. Brown, Siberian and Grey-streaked Flycatchers: identification and ageing. British Birds 103: 658-671.
Leader, P. J. & Carey, G. J. 2003. Identification of Pintail Snipe and Swinhoe’s Snipe. British Birds 96: 178-198.
Leader, P. J., Carey, G. J. & Schweizer, M. 2021. The identification, taxonomy and distribution of Western, Siberian and Asian House Martins. British Birds 114: 72-96.
Lees, A. C. & Ball, A. 2011. Shades of grey: 'eastern' Skylarks and extralimital subspecies identification. British Birds 104: 660-666.
Lehikoinen, A. 2021. The identification of Northern Shrike in Europe. British Birds 114: 148-165.
Lethaby, N. 1994. Identification of immature Tree Swallow. Birding World 7 (8): 320-322.
Lewington, I. 1990. Identification of female Pine Bunting. Birding World 3 (3): 89-90.
Lewington, I. 1999. Separation of Pallid Swift and pekinensis Common Swift. Birding World 12 (11): 450-452.
Lewington, I. 2009. Identification of the Azorean Atlantic Gull in Oxfordshire. Birding World 22 (11): 459-462.
Lewis M., Penn, A. & Colinson, J. M. 2018. Subspecies identification of Common Chiffchaffs wintering at Nigg Bay, North-east Scotland, in 2016/17. British Birds 111: 395-401.
Littlewood, N. 2013. Detection and identification of immature drake Black Scoters. Scottish Birds 33: 82-87.
Lonergan, P. & Millington, R. 2009. Identification of Vega Gull - a photo gallery. Birding World 22 (2): 67-72.
Lonergan, P. & Millington, R. 2009. Identification of Black-tailed Gull - a photo gallery. Birding World 22 (2): 73-77.
Lonergan, P., Buchheim, A., Millington, R. & Mactavish, B. 2009. Identification of Slaty-backed Gull - a photo gallery. Birding World 22 (2): 60-66.
Lonergan, P., Mullarney, K. & Harrop, H. 2007. Identification of Redhead in Europe. Birding World 20 (3): 113-124.
Maclean, I. 2009. Identification of a Greenish Warbler in Cornwall. Birding World 22 (11): 463-466.
Maclean, I. & Harrop, H. 2009. Identification of putative Brown Shrikes in Cornwall and Shetland. Birding World 22 (10): 437-439.
Madge, S. C. 1977. Field identification of Pintail Snipe. British Birds 70: 146-152.
Madge, S. C. 1977. Field identification of Spotted Sandpipers. British Birds 70: 346-348.
Madge, S. C. 1987. Field identification of Radde's and Dusky Warbler. British Birds 80: 595-603.
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Mild, K. 1995. The identification of some problem flycatchers. Birding World 8 (7): 271-277.
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